Obésité 3 min de lecture

Obésité Et Facteurs Génétiques

20 Nov 2025 365 vues 9 commentaires
Obésité et facteurs génétiques

La surcharge pondérale s’installe par plusieurs mécanismes lui conférant son caractère multifactoriel dans lequel la génétique occupe une place non négligeable mais le plus souvent ignorée. Plusieurs idées reçues sur la participation de la génétique dans la progression de l’obésité circulent dans notre société rendant difficile la distinction du vrai du faux. Voici quelques exemples :

Les facteurs génétiques jouent un rôle important dans le risque d’obésité.Vrai

Étant donné notre environnement de vie, hautement favorable à la prise de poids, si l’obésité était d’origine purement environnementale nous devrions tous être tôt ou tard en surcharge pondérale. L’explication la plus logique c’est qu’il doit exister des facteurs individuels, endogènes, qui limiteraient, à niveau de pression environnementale égal, la prise de poids chez certains individus. Il est largement rapporté que le fait d’avoir des  parents obèses multiplie par trois le risque d’être obèse à l’âge adulte. Cette obésité familiale est une prédisposition génétique pouvant être transmise de parents à enfants, expliquant pourquoi la surcharge pondérale survient souvent dans plusieurs générations de la même famille. Les études de jumeaux monozygotes (à ADN identique) montrent en effet une forte concordance du phénotype obèse avec une hérédité d’environ 70 %. Plusieurs études sur ces jumeaux s’accordent pour dire que la génétique joue un rôle important dans l’apparition de l’obésité, même lorsqu’ils sont élevés dans des environnements différents.

Le "génotype d’épargne" qui explique la progression de l’obésité par le fait que nous serions tous les heureux descendants des survivants des multiples famines qui ont ravagé l’humanité. Faux

Cette théorie est issue de l'hypothèse du génotype économe proposée par le généticien James Neel. Cette hypothèse suggère que certains individus possèdent des gènes qui favorisent le stockage des graisses, une adaptation avantageuse dans les périodes de famine, mais qui deviennent problématique en présence d'une alimentation abondante, contribuant ainsi à l'obésité. Il ne s'agit pas d'un génotype unique et clairement identifié, mais d'une idée hypothétique sur l'existence d'un ensemble de gènes qui, dans un contexte moderne, augmentent le risque obésogène. Seulement, il n’y a pratiquement aucun argument scientifique pour soutenir cette hypothèse tant séduisante.

La leptine recombinante intervient dans le traitement médicamenteux de certains types d’obésité.Vrai

La leptine recombinante est une forme synthétisée de la leptine (hormone de la satiété) utilisée comme traitement pour certaines maladies rares, notamment le déficit en leptine. Elle remplace la leptine manquante et aide à restaurer les fonctions métaboliques, améliorant des paramètres comme l'hyperphagie (envie de manger excessive), l'insulinorésistance, et des anomalies hépatiques. Ce traitement est considéré comme un exemple de médecine de précision, car il est adapté à des patients présentant des déficits génétiques spécifiques.

Bonne chance à tous…

Publié par

Dr AKE N'cho, MD, MPH

(225) 01 03 48 7555 / 07 48 344 589

dr_akencho@yahoo.fr

9 Commentaires

I
Ismaël

Merci mon frère pour toutes ces infos santé Crois moi je prends plaisir à les parcourir chaque fois que mon emploi du temps me permet Excellente soirée et à bientôt

I
Ismaël

Merci mon frère pour toutes ces infos santé Crois moi je prends plaisir à les parcourir chaque fois que mon emploi du temps me permet Excellente soirée et à bientôt

C
Cissé

Merci Dr pour tous tes enseignements combien bénéfiques. MERCI

M
Me Djaha

Merci docteur pour toutes ces informations enrichissantes remplir d' enseignement, merci pour tout

M
Me Djaha

Merci docteur pour toutes ces informations enrichissantes remplir d' enseignement, merci pour tout

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